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<title>اخترفيزيك</title>
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<description>يك وبلاگ تخصصي در مورد نجوم و مخصوصا اخترفيزيك</description>
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&lt;p align=&quot;right&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;اول &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;سیاه چاله ها &lt;/span&gt;، سپس کهکشان ها&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;تئوری هایی که منشا کهکشانها را مدل سازی می کنند با مسئله ی مرغ و تخم مرغ سر
و کار دارند . در دهه ی اخیر ستاره شناسان عملا به این نکته دست پیدا کردند که هر
کهکشان بزرگی یک سیاه چاله ی ابر جرم (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot; dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;BHSuperMassive &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;) در مرکز خود دارد . به علاوه مرکز کهکشان ها
برآمده از ستارگان قدیمی اند که حدود 700 برابر چاله ی مرکزی کهکشان جرم دارند .
ظاهرا کهکشان ها و چاله های مرکزی آنها به نوعی ارتباط تنگاتنگ و خود ساختگیدارند
. اما کدام یک زودتر بوجود آمدند ؟ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;تحقیقات جدید نشان می دهد که سیاه چاله ها در این زمینه پیش رو بوده اند ، با
رصد حرکت گازهای کهکشان های فعال دور ، تیم رادیوئی 4 کهکشان اولیه که تنها 30
برابر پر جرم تر از سیاه چاله ی مرکزی خود بودند را پیدا کردند . &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot; dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;Chris Carilli&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt; از رصد خانه ی بین المللی نجوم رادیویی می
گوید : &quot; ساده ترین نتیجه گیری این است که&lt;span&gt; 
&lt;/span&gt;در ابتدا سیاه چاله ها بوده اند و سپس به گونه ای کهکشان ها به دور آنها
تشکیل شده اند . &quot; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;عکس های رادیویی که در پایین از کهکشان های اولیه گرفته شده است نشان می دهد
که هیدروژن هم در کناره ی چاله و هم در فاصله ی 20،000 سال نوری از بدنه ی کهکشان
قرار دارد . انتقال دوپلری هر کدام جرم چاله و جرم کلی کهکشان را جداگانه به ما می
دهد .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;ستاره شناسان دیگر دریافتند که در پایان دوره ی رشد بطور همزمان چاله و کهکشان
دست از رشد کردن می کشند در عین حالی که در بیشتر موارد هنوز جرم چاله به 20
میلیارد برابر جرم منظومه ی خورشیدی نرسیده است . شاید اگر سیاه چاله جرمش افزون
تر از این حد شود درخشندگی جت انرژی آن عاملی بر گرم شدن و کنار رفتن گازهای
کهکشان و در نهایت باعث توقف رشد هر دو شود .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://akhtarphysic.persiangig.com/image/vfe.JPG&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;text/html; charset=utf-8&quot; http-equiv=&quot;Content-Type&quot; /&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Word.Document&quot; name=&quot;ProgId&quot; /&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 14&quot; name=&quot;Generator&quot; /&gt;&lt;meta content=&quot;Microsoft Word 14&quot; name=&quot;Originator&quot; /&gt;&lt;link href=&quot;file:///I:\DOCUME~1\Reza\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_filelist.xml&quot; rel=&quot;File-List&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;منبع : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot; dir=&quot;LTR&quot;&gt;Sky&amp;Telescope
May 2009-11-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;مترجم : رضا نادری&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed;&quot; dir=&quot;RTL&quot; class=&quot; &quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;FA&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<pubDate>Thu, 03 Dec 2009 08:08:29 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=39</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-39.aspx</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>دیکشنری A13</title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-38.aspx</link>
<description>13 : &lt;span class=&quot;dict&quot;&gt;absorption line&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Break or depression in an otherwise CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM . An ABSORPTION line is caused
by the absorption of photons within a specific ( usually narrow ) band of
wavelengths by some species of atom , ion or molecule , any of which has
its own characteristic set of absorptions . Absorption lines are
produced when electrons associated with the various species absorb
incoming radiation and jump to higher energy levels . The analysis of
absorption lines allows the determination of stellar parameters such as
temperatures, densities , surface gravities , velocities and chemical
compositions &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;خطوط جذبی ؛ جدایی بین طیف پیوسته . خطوط جذبی بدلیل جذب فوتون ها توسط باند های خاصی از طول موج ها و توسط بعضی از اتم ها ، یون ها یا مولکولهای خاصی که هر کدام دسته ای از خطوط جذبی مخصوص به خود را دارند ایجاد می شوند . وقتی که الکترون ها  تابش های ورودی مختلف خاصی را برای رفتن به سطح انرژی بالاتر جذب می کنند خطوط جذبی تولید می شوند . تحلیل این خطوط به ما این اجازه را می دهد تا پارامتر هایی از ستارگان را نظیر دما ، چگالی ، چگالی سطحی ، سرعت و ترکیب شیمیایی را تعیین کنیم .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;در این لینک از وبلاگ مطالبی در مورد خطوط جذبی گفته شده است :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://www.akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-22.aspx&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد خطوط جذبی به لینک زیر مراجعه بفرمائید :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28electromagnetic_radiation%29&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;273&quot; width=&quot;512&quot; src=&quot;http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap04/FG04_05.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<pubDate>Mon, 28 Sep 2009 15:28:39 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=38</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-38.aspx</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>دیکشنری A12</title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-37.aspx</link>
<description>12 : &lt;span class=&quot;dict&quot;&gt;absorption&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;As a beam of light , or other ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION , travels
through any material medium , the intensity of the beam in the direction
of travel gradually diminishes . This is partly due to scattering by
particles of the medium and partly due to absorption within the medium .
Energy that is absorbed in this way may subsequently be re - radiated at
the same or longer wavelength and may cause a rise in temperature of
the medium
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;The absorption process may be general or selective in the way
that it affects different wavelengths . Examples can be seen in the
colours of various substances . Lamp black , or amorphous carbon , absorbs
all wavelengths equally and reflects very little , whereas paints and
pigments absorb all but the few wavelengths that give them their
characteristic colours
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Spectral analysis of starlight reveals the selective absorption processes
that tell us so much about the chemical and physical conditions
involved . The core of a star is a hot , incandescent , high - pressure gas ,
which produces a CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM . The atoms of stellar material are
excited by this high-temperature environment and are so close together
that their electrons move easily from atom to atom, emitting energy and
then being re-excited and so on . This gives rise to energy changes of
all possible levels releasing all possible colours in the continuous
SPECTRUM
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;The cooler, low-pressure material that comprises the
atmospheres of both star and Earth , and the interstellar medium that
lies between them , can be excited by constituents of this continuous
radiation from the star core , thus absorbing some of the radiation .
Such selective absorption produces the dark ABSORPTION LINES that are
so typical of stellar spectra . These lines are not totally black ; they
are merely fainter than the continuum because only a fraction of the
absorbed energy is re - radiated in the original direction &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;جذب ؛ در مورد خطوط جذبی در این تاپیک از وبلاگ مطالبی قرار گرفته است : &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://www.akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-22.aspx&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای اطلاعات بیشتر به لینک زیر مراجعه نمائید :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_%28electromagnetic_radiation%29&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;546&quot; height=&quot;409&quot; src=&quot;http://www.hs.uni-hamburg.de/DE/For/Exg/Igm/absorption.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<pubDate>Wed, 23 Sep 2009 20:07:48 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=37</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-37.aspx</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>دیکشنری A11 و آموزش مفاهیم (13)</title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-36.aspx</link>
<description>11 : absolute zero&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Lowest theoretically attainable temperature ; it is equivalent to -273.15 &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;C or 0 K . Absolute zero is the temperature at which the motion of atoms and molecules is the minimum possible , although&lt;br /&gt;that motion never ceases completely because of the operation of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle . ( This principle states that an object does not have a measurable position and momentum at the same time, because the act of measuring disturbs the system . ) Absolute zero can never be achieved in practice , but temperatures down to 0.001 K or less can be reached in the laboratory . The COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND means that 2.7 K is the minimum temperature found naturally in the Universe&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;صفر مطلق ؛ پایین ترین دمای نظری قابل دسترسی ؛ این دما هم ارز با 273.15- درجه ی سانتیگراد یا صفر کلوین است . صفر مطلق دمایی است که در آن حرکت اتم ها و مولکول ها در کمترین حالت امکان خود هستند ، به این همه حرکت هیچگاه بطور کامل متوقف نمی شود که دلیل آن عملکرد اصل عدم قطعیت هایزنبرگ است  . ( این اصل بر این مبناست که نمی توان مکان و تکانه ی یک ذره را هم زمان دقیق بدست آورد ، چرا که عمل اندازه گیری سیستم را متشنج می سازد . ) هیچگاه نمی توان به دمای صفر مطلق در آزمایشگاه یا هر جای دیگر برسیم اما می توانیم به 0.001 کلوین یا کمتر در آزمایشگاه ها دست پیدا کنیم . کمترین دمای طبیعی در جهان تابش زمینه ی کیهانی با 2.7 کلوین دماست .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای اطلاعات بیشتر به لینک زیر مراجعه نمائید :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://funphysics.jpl.nasa.gov/technical/library/sig-events-03/sig030919-science-a.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
<pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2009 21:52:25 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=36</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-36.aspx</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>دیکشنری A10 و آموزش مفاهیم (12)</title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-35.aspx</link>
<description>
10 : absolute temperature&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Temperature measured using the absolute temperature scale ; the units ( obsolete ) are &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;A . This scale is effectively the same as the modern thermodynamic temperature scale , wherein temperature is deﬁned via the properties of the Carnot cycle . The zero point of the scale is ABSOLUTE ZERO , and the freezing and boiling points of water are 273.15 &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;A and 373.15 &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;A , respectively . 1 &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;A is equivalent to 1 K and kelvins are now the accepted SI unit&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;دمای مطلق ، واحد آن آنگستروم یا &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;A باشد تاثیر این مقیاس به اندازه ی مقیاس نوین دمایی ترمودینامیک است ، که در آن دما بر حسب خصوصیات چرخه ی کارنو تعریف می شود . نقطه ی صفر این مقیاس به صفر مطلق تعبیر می شود و نقطه ی ذوب و جوش آب به ترتیب 273.15  &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;A و 373.15 &lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;A به نسبت بدست می آیند در واقع یک آنگستروم هم ارز است با یک کلوین که هم اکنون به عنوان یک واحد SI شناخته شده است ...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای تبدیل واحد ها به این پست مراجعه کنید : &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://www.akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-25.aspx&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد دمای مطلق می توانید لینک زیر را ببینید :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.cdxetextbook.com/images/temperature.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
<pubDate>Sun, 20 Sep 2009 09:01:18 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=35</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-35.aspx</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>دیکشنری A9 و آموزش مفاهیم (11) </title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-34.aspx</link>
<description>
9 : absolute magnitude&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Visual magnitude that a star would have at a standard distance of 10 PARSECS. If m = apparent magnitude and D&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; = distance in parsecs&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;177&quot; vspace=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;baseline&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/f/b/ffb4e10743790dec8f0d349d415b4ac3.png&quot; /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;For a minor planet this term is used to describe the brightness it would have at a distance of 1AU from the Sun ,1 AU from the Earth and at zero PHASE ANGLE : the Sun – Asteroid – Earth angle , which is a physical impossibility&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;قدر مطلق : قدر ظاهری ستاره هنگامی که در فاصله ی استاندارد 10 پارسک از زمین قرار داشته باشد . اگر m قدر ظاهری و D&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; فاصله بر حسب پارسک باشد داریم : &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;177&quot; vspace=&quot;0&quot; hspace=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;16&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;baseline&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/f/b/ffb4e10743790dec8f0d349d415b4ac3.png&quot; /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;برای سیارک ها این عبارت برای توصیف درخشندگی آن اگر در فاصله ی 1 واحد نجومی از خورشید و زمین و در زاویه ی صفر فازی قرار بگیرد استفاده می شود .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای اطلاعات بیشتر به لینک زیر مراجعه کنید : &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_magnitude&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;و این هم جدولی از اجرام آسمانی که بر حسب قدر مطلق آنها لیست شده اند :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://isthe.com/chongo/tech/astro/HR-temp-mass-table-bymag.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
<pubDate>Sat, 12 Sep 2009 20:01:18 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=34</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-34.aspx</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>دیکشنری A8 </title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-33.aspx</link>
<description>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;ablation : 8 &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Process by which the surface layers of an object entering the atmosphere ( for example a spacecraft or a METEOROID ) are removed through the rapid intense heating caused by frictional contact with the air . The heat shields of space vehicles have outer layers that ablate , preventing overheating of the spacecraft’s interior&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;پروسه ای است که در طی آن سطح جانبی شی در اثر مجاورت با اتمسفر در طی اصطکاکی که منجر به گرم شدن سریع و شدید آن می شود جدا می شود . سپر حرارتی وسیله های فضایی مانع از بروز گرما به داخل سفینه می شوند .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای اطلاعات بیشتر به لینک زیر مراجعه نمائید :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;279&quot; height=&quot;383&quot; src=&quot;http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4302/p374.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;</description>
<pubDate>Sat, 12 Sep 2009 09:17:49 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=33</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-33.aspx</guid>
</item>
<item>
<title>دیکشنری A7 </title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-32.aspx</link>
<description>7 :  ( Abetti , Giorgio ( 1882 - 1982&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Italian solar physicist , director of  ARCETRI ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY ( 1921 – 52 ) . As a young postgraduate he worked at Mount Wilson Observatory , where pioneering solar astronomer George Ellery HALE became his mentor . Abetti designed and constructed the Arcetri solar tower , at the time the best solar telescope in Europe , and used it to investigate the structure of the chromosphere and the motion of sunspot penumbras or the Evershed – Abetti effect&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;فیزیکدان ایتالیایی ، گرداننده ی رصدخانه ی اخترفیزیکی ARCETRI در سال های 1921 تا 1952 کسی نبود جز Abetti . او به عنوان یک فوق لیسانس جوان در رصدخانه ی Mount Wilson کار می کرد . Abetti طرح برج خورشیدی یا منظومه ای ARCETRI را ریخت و آن را ساخت که در زمان خود بهترین تلسکوپ خورشیدی در اروپا بود ، او از این وسیله در جهت کنکاش در ساختار فامسپهر خورشید و حرکت لکه های خورشیدی یا همان اثر Evershed – Abetti استفاده کرد .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای کسب اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد این دانشمند به لینک زیر مراجعه کنید :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Abetti&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.astropa.unipa.it/biblioteca/Astronomi/cover/abettig.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</description>
<pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2009 22:10:58 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=32</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-32.aspx</guid>
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<title>دیکشنری A6 و آموزش مفاهیم (10) </title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-31.aspx</link>
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aberration : 2-6 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Defect in an image produced by a LENS or MIRROR . Six primary forms of aberration affect the quality of image produced by an optical system . One of these , CHROMATIC ABERRATION , is due to the different amount of refraction experienced by different wavelengths of light when passing through the boundary between two transparent materials ; the other ﬁve are independent of colour and arise from the limitations of the geometry of the optical surfaces . They are sometimes referred to as Seidel aberrations after Ludwig von Seidel ( 1821 – 96 ) , the mathematician who&lt;br /&gt;investigated them in detail .&lt;br /&gt;The ﬁve Seidel aberrations are SPHERICAL ABERRATION , COMA , ASTIGMATISM , curvature and distortion . All but spherical aberration are caused when light passes through the optics at an angle to the optical axis . Optical designers strive to reduce or eliminate aberrations and combine lenses&lt;br /&gt;of different glass types , thickness and shape to produce a ‘ corrected lens ’ . Examples are the composite OBJECTIVES in astronomical refractors and composite EYEPIECES&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Curvature produces images that are not ﬂat . When projected on to a ﬂat surface , such as a photographic ﬁlm , the image may be in focus in the centre or at the edges , but not at both at the same time . Astronomers using CCD cameras on telescopes can use a ﬁeld ﬂattener to produce a well - focused image across the whole ﬁeld of view . Often this is combined with a focal reducer to provide a wider ﬁeld of view&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Distortion occurs where the shape of the resulting image is changed . Common types of distortion are pincushion and barrel distortion , which describe the effects seen when an image of a rectangle is formed . Some binocular manufacturers deliberately introduce a small amount of pincushion distortion as they claim it produces a more natural experience when the binoculars are panned across a scene . Measuring the distortion in a telescope is extremely important for ASTROMETRY as it affects the precise position measurements being undertaken . Astrometric telescopes once calibrated are maintained in as stable a condition as possible to avoid changing the distortion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;ایرادی در عکس که توسط لنز یا آینه ایجاد می شود . شش نوع از ابیراهی حاصل از سیستم اپتیکی وجود دارد که بر کیفیت عکس اثر می گذارد . یکی از اینها ابیراهی کروماتیک است که بسبب تغییر طول موج نور در هنگام گذر از مرز بین 2 لایه ی شفاف رخ می دهد ؛ پنج ابیراهی دیگر مستقل از رنگ هستند و به مرز هندسی سطح های اپتیکی مربوطند گاهی از آنها به ابیراهی Seidel نیز یاد می شود ( Ludwig von Seidel ریاضی دانی است که به جزئیات این ابیراهی ها پرداخت ) .&lt;br /&gt; این پنج ابیراهی را به نام های ابیراهی کروی ، COMA ، آستیگماتیسم ، انحنا و اعوجاج می شناسیم تمام این ابیراهی ها بجز ابیراهی کروی موقعی ایجاد می شوند که نور با زاویه نسبت به محور اپتیکی از وسیله ی ما عبور می کند .&lt;br /&gt;ابیراهی انحنا موقعی بوجود می آید که بین کناره ها و وسط عکس ما اختلاف زمانی وجو داشته باشد ستاره شناسان از دوربین های CCD بر روی تلسکوپ های خود استفاده می کنند تا پس زمینه ای تخت داشته باشند &lt;br /&gt;اعوجاج هم زمانی روی می دهد که شکل عکس نهایی تغییر می کند اندازه گیری اعوجاج در تلسکوپ اهمیت بسیار بالایی در رشته ی ASTROMETRY دارد .&lt;br /&gt;برای اطلاعات بیشتر در مورد هر کدام از این ابیراهی ها :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;1 : CHROMATIC ABERRATION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;2 : SPHERICAL ABERRATION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_aberration&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;3 : COMA ABERRATION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(optics&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;4 : ASTIGMATISM ABERRATION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigmatism&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;5 : CURVATURE ABERRATION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_curvature&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;6 : DISTORTION ABERRATION&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_distortion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;287&quot; height=&quot;178&quot; src=&quot;http://www.astro.queensu.ca/~lake/015/spherical1.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;198&quot; height=&quot;182&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Chromatic_aberration_%28comparison%29.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 align=&quot;baseline&quot; class=&quot;firstHeading&quot; id=&quot;firstHeading&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;font size=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;458&quot; height=&quot;246&quot; src=&quot;http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/Images/optic-focus-coma-astig.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;460&quot; height=&quot;408&quot; src=&quot;http://www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy105/telescopes/curvature.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;338&quot; height=&quot;338&quot; src=&quot;http://www.umich.edu/~lowbrows/reflections/2007/dscobel.27b.gif&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</description>
<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 13:51:18 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=31</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-31.aspx</guid>
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<title>دیکشنری A5 و آموزش مفاهیم (9) </title>
<link>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-30.aspx</link>
<description>
  aberration : 1-6 &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;aberration of starlight Apparent : displacement of the observed position of a star from its true position in the sky , caused by a combination of the Earth’s motion through space and the ﬁnite velocity of the light arriving from the star . The effect was discovered by  James  BRADLEY in 1728 while he was attempting to measure the PARALLAX of nearby stars . His observations revealed that the apparent position of all objects shifted back and forth annually by up to 20&lt;sup&gt;&apos;&apos;&lt;/sup&gt; in a way that was not connected to the expected parallax effect . &lt;br /&gt;The Earth’s movement in space comprises two parts :&lt;br /&gt;its orbital motion around the Sun at an average speed of 29.8 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;km/s&lt;/span&gt; ( 18.5 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;mi/s&lt;/span&gt; ) , which causes annual aberration , and its daily rotation , which is responsible for the smaller of the two components , diurnal aberration . The former causes a star’s apparent position to describe an ELLIPSE over the course of a year . For any star on the ECLIPTIC , this ellipse is ﬂattened into a straight line , whereas a star at the pole of the ecliptic describes a circle . The angular displacement of the star , a , is calculated from the formula tan ( a ) = v/c , where v is the Earth’s orbital velocity and c is the speed of light .&lt;br /&gt;Diurnal aberration is dependent on the observer’s position on the surface of the Earth . Its effect is maximized at the equator , where it produces a displacement of a stellar position of 0&lt;sup&gt;&apos;&apos;&lt;/sup&gt;.32 to the east , but drops to zero for an observer at the poles .&lt;br /&gt;Bradley’s observations demonstrated both the motion of the Earth in space and the ﬁnite speed of light ; they have inﬂuenced arguments in cosmology to the present day&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;ابیراهی نور ظاهری ستاره : جابجایی مکان رصد شده ی ستاره از مکان واقعی آن در آسمان ، که بسبب ترکیب حرکت زمین در فضا و سرعت نور متناهی ای که از ستاره می رسد ایجاد می شود . این اثر توسط BRADLEY در سال 1728 هنگامی که می خواست اختلاف منظر ستارگان نزدیک را بدست آورد کشف شد . از مشاهدات او چنین بر می آمد که مکان ظاهری تمام اجرام سالیانه حدود 20 ثانیه قوسی عقب و جلو می روند . &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;حرکت زمین در فضا به 2 صورت انجام می پذیرد :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;حرکت انتقالی آن بدور خورشید با سرعت متوسط خطی 29.8 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;کیلومتر بر ثانیه&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;و یا 18.5 &lt;span style=&quot;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;مایل بر ثانیه&lt;/span&gt; که باعث  ابیراهی سالیانه می شوند و حرکت روزانه یا دورانی بدور خود &lt;/span&gt;که اثرش از آن 2 کمتر است و به ابیراهی روزانه منجر می شود . این عوامل باعث می شود تا مکان ظاهری ستارگان رو به صورت بیضی در آسمان ببینیم . برای هر ستاره ای که در دایره البروج واقع می شود بیضی به صورت یک خط راست در می آید تا جایی که ستاره ای که در قطب دایره البروج قرار می گیرد توصیف یک دایره را می کند . جابجایی زاویه ای ستاره یا a را می توان اینگونه محاسبه کرد tan ( a ) = v/c جاییکه v سرعت مداری زمین و c سرعت نور است . ابیراهی روزانه به موقعیت رصدگر در زمین بستگی دارد اثر آن در استوا ماکزیمم است جایی که جابجایی مکانی جرم سماوی 0.32 ثانیه ی قوسی به طرف شرق است . اما به اندازه ی صفر است برای ناظری که در قطب قرار دارد . &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;رصد های بردلی هر دو عامل را یعنی حرکت زمین و سرعت متناهی نور را در نظر می گیرد آنها اثرات بزرگی بر ستاره شناسی تا حال حاضر به جای گذاشته اند .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;برای گرفتن اطلاعات بیشتر به لینک زیر مراجعه نمایید :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;baseline&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration_of_light&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;188&quot; height=&quot;432&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Stellar_aberration.svg/275px-Stellar_aberration.svg.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;img width=&quot;246&quot; height=&quot;381&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Aberration3.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</description>
<pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2009 07:29:18 GMT</pubDate>
<comments>http://commenting.blogfa.com/?blogid=akhtarphysic&amp;postid=30</comments>
<dc:creator>akhtarphysic</dc:creator>
<guid>http://akhtarphysic.blogfa.com/post-30.aspx</guid>
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